Abstract 与 Introduction
摘要把交叉喂养定义为代谢物共享,并指出其在建立稳定、抗入侵和抗扰动肠道共生群落中有涌现作用。引言强调自然微生物不处于恒定单培养中,扩散性代谢物可同时作为营养、抑制物或信号分子。作者还说明肠道微生物数量大、多样性高,对健康影响取决于其代谢能力和相互作用。
这篇综述聚焦哺乳动物肠道中微生物之间的代谢物共享如何影响群落稳定性、抗入侵能力、扰动恢复和宿主健康。作者一方面讨论交叉喂养作为合作相互作用的生态与进化后果,另一方面沿营养层级梳理从复杂多糖降解到短链脂肪酸、H2 消费、氨基酸、维生素/辅因子、铁和血红素交换的机制。核心问题不是“是否存在交叉喂养”,而是哪些代谢流在何种环境中改变每个物种适合度和整个肠道群落输出。
| 题名 | Cross-feeding in the gut microbiome: Ecology and Mechanisms |
| 作者 | Elizabeth J. Culp, Andrew L. Goodman |
| 期刊/年份 | Cell Host & Microbe, 2023 April 12, 31(4): 485–499; author manuscript available in PMC 2024 April 12. |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.016 |
| 原文 PDF | 下载/查看 PDF |
这篇综述聚焦哺乳动物肠道中微生物之间的代谢物共享如何影响群落稳定性、抗入侵能力、扰动恢复和宿主健康。作者一方面讨论交叉喂养作为合作相互作用的生态与进化后果,另一方面沿营养层级梳理从复杂多糖降解到短链脂肪酸、H2 消费、氨基酸、维生素/辅因子、铁和血红素交换的机制。核心问题不是“是否存在交叉喂养”,而是哪些代谢流在何种环境中改变每个物种适合度和整个肠道群落输出。
摘要把交叉喂养定义为代谢物共享,并指出其在建立稳定、抗入侵和抗扰动肠道共生群落中有涌现作用。引言强调自然微生物不处于恒定单培养中,扩散性代谢物可同时作为营养、抑制物或信号分子。作者还说明肠道微生物数量大、多样性高,对健康影响取决于其代谢能力和相互作用。
本节用适合度结果区分互利、偏利和剥削式交叉喂养,并把它们放入更广义的微生物相互作用图谱中。作者强调正负效应都可由代谢物介导,且跨物种或同种内均可能发生。该节为后文讨论稳定性和营养层级提供生态语言。
本节提出肠道群落中互利交叉喂养的普遍性与群落稳定性之间的张力。强正反馈理论上可能导致某些成员失控扩张,但肠道群落维持高度多样和稳定。作者把解释收敛到限制合作物种过度增长和削弱耦合强度两类机制。
作者把肠道交叉喂养代谢物分为中心代谢中碳/氮流相关的大宗底物,以及维生素、辅因子、矿物质等小量但关键的物质。复杂多糖经初级降解者释放寡糖和单糖,发酵网络进一步产生乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、甲酸和 H2 等。该框架把单个反应嵌入肠道营养级网络。
多糖利用位点、糖苷水解酶和转运系统决定哪些物种能成为初级降解者。初级和次级发酵者通过 PEP、丙酮酸、乙酰辅酶 A 等节点产生短链脂肪酸和发酵中间体;H2 累积会限制某些发酵,甲烷菌、乙酸菌或硫酸盐还原菌等 H2 消费者可通过清除 H2 支撑共营养。
氨基酸交叉喂养部分讨论 NH4+ 和氨基酸两种氮交换形式。结肠远端纤维耗尽、短链脂肪酸下降时,氨基酸发酵更有利;但作者也指出肠道内氨基酸交叉喂养的直接体内证据仍有限。该节提醒报告中应把氮交换作为可能重要但证据类型不一的机制。
本节说明维生素和辅因子虽为微量营养,但特别适合在远端肠道发生微生物间交叉喂养。维生素需求具有条件性,取决于培养条件、物种、群落组成和替代途径;因此基因组预测、体外生长需求与体内作用并不总是一致。
矿物质、血红素和铁载体部分强调铁获取涉及宿主与微生物竞争,尤其在感染或炎症条件下会影响适合度。Outlook 指出交叉喂养结果依赖背景,可能服务健康群落功能,也可能支持病原体或疾病相关状态。作者倡导继续研究以理解并操控肠道微生物代谢网络。
图示信息:Figure 1. Landscape of microbe-microbe interactions Microbe-microbe interactions can result in positive (+) or negative (−) impacts on fitness of participating species. These interactions are often mediated by diffusible metabolites, shown here as stars. Cross-feeding can result in mutualism (a-b), commensalism (c) or exploitation (d). These interactions are often through the production of a metabolite by one species that benefits or harms another species (a, c, d, e, f, g), but can also occur when a harmful metabolite to one species is consumed by and benefits another species (b). Amensalism (e) and competition (f-g) can also occur through metabolite exchange, but do not represent cross-feeding interactions. Culp and Goodman Page 27 Cell Host Microbe. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2024 April 12. Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript
论文结果 / 观点:该图把群落互作落实到代谢物、电子或营养物交换,是理解共培养功能涌现的关键证据。
研究意义 / 边界:这张图用于支持作者的概念框架或案例归纳;实际迁移到其他系统时,仍需结合成员来源、环境条件、稳定性和功能验证。
来源:nihms-1886028.pdf,PDF 第 27 页;图像来自 PDF 内部可匹配 Figure caption 的图像块。
图示信息:Figure 2. Central metabolism pathways involved in cross-feeding An overview of central metabolism pathways involved in cross-feeding interactions. (a) Flags along the left show how the pathways in (b) roughly divide into four trophic levels through cross-feeding. Key cross-fed intermediates released by primary degraders/ fermenters, highlighted in blue, can be released and utilized by secondary fermenters ultimately for the production of SCFA, highlighted in green. Throughout, H2 is produced in one of two ways: first, the Pyruvate-Formate Lyase (PFL) pathway that splits formate into H2 and CO2, and second through the oxidation of NADH. (c) NADH oxidation can be coupled to ferredoxin reduction and reoxidation by ferredoxin (Fd)-dependent hydrogenase (Fd-[FeFe]), directly by an NADH-dependent hydrogenase (NADH-[FeFe]), or directly by a bifurcating NADH-Fdred-dependent hydrogenase (NADH-Fdred-[FeFe]). (d) H2 is consumed by various types of metabolism, indicated in red. Pathway stoichiometry is not represented in this figure. Culp and Goodman Page 28 Cell Host Microbe. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2024 April 12. Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manusc
论文结果 / 观点:该图把群落互作落实到代谢物、电子或营养物交换,是理解共培养功能涌现的关键证据。
研究意义 / 边界:这张图用于支持作者的概念框架或案例归纳;实际迁移到其他系统时,仍需结合成员来源、环境条件、稳定性和功能验证。
来源:nihms-1886028.pdf,PDF 第 28 页;图像来自 PDF 内部可匹配 Figure caption 的图像块。
图示信息:Figure 3. Nitrogen metabolism in the gut (a) Stickland metabolism couples reduction of one amino acid (left) with oxidation of a second amino acid (right) via electron carriers indicated by [H]. Deamination of the amino acids results in production of carboxylic acid intermediates and ammonium. Stoichiometric equivalents are indicated by n. (b) Deamination of urea by ureases also produces ammonia. (c) Nitrogen and fiber metabolism vary along the length of the colon. Whereas ample dietary fiber in the proximal colon leads to high concentrations of SCFA, amino acid fermentation is more common in the distal colon. Ammonium and SCFA concentrations shown are estimated from human samples74. Culp and Goodman Page 29 Cell Host Microbe. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2024 April 12. Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript
论文结果 / 观点:该图把群落互作落实到代谢物、电子或营养物交换,是理解共培养功能涌现的关键证据。
研究意义 / 边界:这张图用于支持作者的概念框架或案例归纳;实际迁移到其他系统时,仍需结合成员来源、环境条件、稳定性和功能验证。
来源:nihms-1886028.pdf,PDF 第 29 页;图像来自 PDF 内部可匹配 Figure caption 的图像块。
经费 / 利益冲突:Competing Interests 文本显示:The authors declare no competing interests. Acknowledgements 显示 NIH grants R01 AT010014, R35 GM118159, R01 DK133798 支持 A.L.G.,Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation 支持 E.J.C.
生成日期:2026-07-03